Discover the ultimate legal and sourcing guide for Turkish industrial chemicals that every manufacturer, distributor, and importer has been waiting for! Are you struggling to navigate the complex regulations and find reliable suppliers in Turkey’s booming chemical sector? This comprehensive article unveils the essential insights into the legal frameworks governing industrial chemicals in Turkey, along with expert tips on how to source high-quality products efficiently. Whether you’re a seasoned professional or a newcomer, understanding these key aspects can make or break your business success in this competitive market.
Turkey has rapidly emerged as a global hub for industrial chemical production and exports, but many businesses overlook the critical legal nuances that can lead to costly delays or compliance issues. What exactly are the regulatory requirements for industrial chemical imports and exports in Turkey? How can companies ensure they’re partnering with trustworthy suppliers who meet international quality standards? We dive deep into these questions, revealing the latest Turkish industrial chemical regulations, certification processes, and insider sourcing secrets. Don’t miss out on the proven strategies to optimize your supply chain and stay ahead in this lucrative market.
In this guide, you will also learn about the impact of environmental laws, safety standards, and customs procedures shaping the Turkish chemical industry today. Plus, uncover the top resources and platforms to connect with verified chemical manufacturers and distributors. Ready to unlock the full potential of Turkish industrial chemical sourcing while staying fully compliant with legal mandates? Keep reading to transform your approach and gain a competitive edge in one of the fastest-growing chemical markets worldwide!
Top 7 Legal Regulations Every Importer Must Know About Turkish Industrial Chemicals
Navigating the world of importing industrial chemicals into Turkey comes with its own set of challenges and legal frameworks. For businesses eyeing the Turkish market, understanding these regulations is not just an option but a necessity. Turkish industrial chemicals market is growing fast, but with growth comes complexity; many importers often find themselves tangled in legal requirements they did not anticipate. This guide will reveal the top 7 legal regulations every importer must know about Turkish industrial chemicals, alongside insights on sourcing and compliance.
Why Turkish Industrial Chemicals Market Is Unique?
Turkey stands as a strategic hub bridging Europe and Asia, making it a vital player in global industrial supply chains. The country’s chemical sector contributes substantially to its economy, dealing with everything from raw materials to finished products. However, the regulatory landscape is quite strict to ensure safety, environmental protection, and proper trade practices. Unlike some countries where regulations might be loosely enforced, Turkey maintains rigid controls, especially in industrial chemicals import.
1. Compliance with Turkish Chemical Legislation (KKDIK)
The Turkish Chemical Regulation, known as KKDIK, is modeled after the European Union’s REACH regulation but with local adaptations. Every importer must register chemicals with the Ministry of Environment and Urbanization before import. Failure to comply can result in heavy fines or bans.
- Registration must include substance identification, classification, and safety data.
- Importers need to appoint a local representative if they are foreign companies.
- Annual tonnage thresholds determine the complexity of registration.
This law is crucial because it guarantees chemicals imported do not pose undue risks to health and environment.
2. Classification, Labeling, and Packaging (CLP) Rules
Turkey follows the United Nations’ Globally Harmonized System (GHS) for chemical classification. Importers must ensure that all chemicals are classified correctly and labeled in Turkish with hazard symbols and precautionary statements.
- Incorrect labeling can delay customs clearance.
- Packaging must meet strict safety standards to avoid leaks or hazards during transportation.
- This regulation helps workers and consumers understand the risks involved with the chemicals.
3. Import Licenses and Customs Procedures
Before importing chemicals, securing an import license is mandatory. The Ministry of Trade oversees this process, and applications must include detailed product information and compliance documents.
- Customs inspections are thorough, often requiring physical samples.
- Tariff codes for chemicals are specific and incorrect classification can cause customs duty errors.
- Import duties vary depending on the chemical category; some industrial chemicals are exempt under free trade agreements.
4. Environmental and Waste Management Laws
Turkey has increasingly focused on sustainability, and chemical importers must comply with environmental protection laws. This includes proper disposal of chemical waste and reporting emissions if applicable.
- Importers must have waste management plans approved.
- Some chemicals are restricted or banned due to toxic properties.
- The Ministry of Environment can inspect facilities handling imported chemicals for compliance.
5. Health and Safety Regulations at Workplaces
The Ministry of Labor and Social Security regulates workplace safety, especially when dealing with industrial chemicals. Importers and distributors must ensure that Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) are provided and that proper storage and handling procedures are followed.
- Employees should be trained in chemical hazards.
- Industrial facilities must be equipped with emergency response plans.
- Violations can lead to workplace shutdowns or penalties.
6. Intellectual Property and Chemical Formulation Protection
Though less obvious, protecting proprietary chemical formulations is significant when importing. Turkey respects international intellectual property laws, but importers should ensure their products are not infringing on patents or trademarks.
- Patent searches are recommended before sourcing chemicals.
- Counterfeit chemicals are a risk in the market, so verifying suppliers is crucial.
- Legal disputes over chemical formulations can be costly and delay imports.
7. Sourcing and Supplier Verification
Sourcing chemicals from reliable suppliers is key to compliance and quality. Turkish customs and regulatory bodies often require documentation proving the origin and safety of chemicals.
- Importers should conduct audits or request certifications such as ISO or GMP.
- Suppliers must comply with both Turkish and international standards.
- Contracts should clearly state responsibilities and liability to avoid legal issues.
Summary Table: Key Regulations and Their Implications
Regulation | Responsible Authority | Key Requirements | Consequences of Non-Compliance |
---|---|---|---|
KKDIK Chemical Registration | Ministry of Environment | Substance registration, local representation | Fines, import bans |
CLP Labeling and Packaging | Ministry of Environment | Hazard labeling in Turkish, proper packaging | Customs delays, shipment rejections |
Import Licenses | Ministry of Trade | Import license, accurate tariff classification | Customs seizures, fines |
Environmental Waste Management | Ministry of Environment | Waste disposal plans, emissions reporting | Inspections, penalties |
Workplace Health and Safety | Ministry of Labor | MSDS provision, employee training |
How to Source High-Quality Turkish Industrial Chemicals: Proven Strategies for 2024
Sourcing high-quality Turkish industrial chemicals has become a vital task for businesses around the world, especially in 2024 when global markets are more competitive and regulations more strict than ever. Turkey, positioned at the crossroads of Europe and Asia, offers a unique advantage in industrial chemicals production, but navigating through legal and sourcing challenges can be quite complicated. This article explains proven strategies and essential legal considerations you must know when dealing with Turkish industrial chemicals. It will surely help you avoid common pitfalls and secure the best products for your business needs.
Why Turkish Industrial Chemicals Matter in 2024
Turkey’s industrial chemical sector has grown rapidly over the last decades. The country benefits from abundant raw materials, skilled labor force, and strategic geographic location. Industrial chemicals from Turkey includes a wide range of products such as solvents, acids, polymers, specialty chemicals, and more. These are widely used in manufacturing, textiles, construction, automotive, and pharmaceuticals industries, making Turkey a key player in the global supply chain.
However, not all suppliers are equal. High-quality chemicals must meet international standards like ISO certifications, REACH compliance (for European markets), and other quality assurance protocols. In 2024, the demand for eco-friendly and sustainable chemicals also increased, pushing Turkish producers to innovate and upgrade their production methods. This means when sourcing, you should prioritize suppliers who demonstrate commitment to quality and environmental responsibility.
Proven Strategies to Source High-Quality Turkish Industrial Chemicals
Sourcing quality chemicals from Turkey requires more than just finding the cheapest supplier. Here are some practical steps you can take:
Research and Verify Supplier Credentials
Always check if the supplier has valid licenses, quality certifications, and a proven track record. Many industrial chemical companies in Turkey publish their certifications online, but it’s better to ask for original documents and references from previous buyers.Conduct Factory Visits and Audits
If possible, visit production facilities to inspect manufacturing processes, storage conditions, and quality control measures. Audits help verify whether the supplier follows international best practices.Request Product Samples and Test Reports
Before committing to large orders, ask for samples and third-party lab test results. This will help you confirm the product’s purity, composition, and performance.Understand Pricing and Payment Terms
Turkish suppliers may offer competitive prices, but always clarify payment terms, shipping costs, and potential customs duties upfront. Negotiation skills are important here as terms can vary greatly.Utilize Local Sourcing Agents or Consultants
Hiring experts who understand the local market and language can save you from many headaches. They can assist with supplier selection, contract negotiations, and legal compliance.
Turkish Industrial Chemicals: Ultimate Legal Guide
Legal aspects are often overlooked but very critical when sourcing industrial chemicals from Turkey. The following points outline the key legal considerations:
Import and Export Regulations
Turkey regulates many chemicals under its Customs and Trade Ministry rules, aligned partially with EU regulations. Some chemicals require special permits or licenses to export. It’s essential to confirm if your product falls under restricted categories.REACH and CLP Compliance
For companies exporting chemicals from Turkey to Europe, compliance with REACH (Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation, and Restriction of Chemicals) and CLP (Classification, Labelling, and Packaging) regulations is mandatory. Suppliers should provide Safety Data Sheets (SDS) in accordance with these laws.Environmental and Safety Standards
Turkish chemical manufacturers must adhere to environmental laws regarding pollutant emissions and waste management. Buyers should ensure their suppliers follow these laws to avoid reputational risks.Contracts and Liability
Always have clear contracts specifying product specifications, delivery timelines, quality guarantees, and liability clauses. Turkish contract law differs in some ways from Western legal systems, so involving local legal counsel is advisable.
Sourcing Guide: Step-by-Step Outline
To help you organize the sourcing process, here is a stepwise outline you can follow:
Step 1: Define your chemical specifications and quality requirements clearly.
Step 2: Search for suppliers through trade fairs, online platforms, and industry directories.
Step 3: Verify supplier legitimacy and certifications.
Step 4: Request samples and conduct product testing.
Step 5: Negotiate prices, payment terms, and delivery schedules.
Step 6: Review and sign contracts with legal assistance.
Step 7: Arrange logistics and customs clearance.
Step 8: Monitor shipment and perform final quality inspection upon arrival.
Step 9: Build long-term relationships with reliable suppliers.
Comparison Table: Turkish vs. Other Chemical Suppliers
Criteria | Turkish Suppliers | Other Major Suppliers |
---|---|---|
Proximity to Europe/Asia | Very close, strategic | Varies widely |
Price Competitiveness | Generally affordable | Can be higher or |
Navigating Turkey’s Chemical Export Laws: Essential Compliance Tips for Industrial Buyers
Navigating Turkey’s chemical export laws can be quite challenging for industrial buyers who are new to the market or even those who have been working with Turkish suppliers for years. The country, known for its vibrant industrial sector and strategic location bridging Europe and Asia, has a complex regulatory environment that governs the trade of chemicals. If you are looking to source industrial chemicals from Turkey, understanding the legal framework and compliance requirements is absolutely crucial to avoid costly delays or penalties.
Overview of Turkey’s Chemical Export Regulations
Turkey’s chemical export laws are primarily influenced by both national legislation and international agreements. The Ministry of Trade, along with other regulatory bodies like the Ministry of Environment and Urbanization, plays a central role in overseeing chemical exports. Various laws regulate the classification, labeling, packaging, and transportation of chemicals to ensure safety for people and the environment.
One key regulation is the Turkish Chemicals Regulation, which aligns with the European Union’s REACH (Registration, Evaluation, Authorization, and Restriction of Chemicals) rules. Although Turkey is not an EU member, it has harmonized many of its chemical laws with the EU standards due to customs union agreements. This means industrial buyers must be aware that chemicals exported from Turkey usually comply with strict safety and environmental standards.
Important Compliance Tips for Industrial Buyers
When dealing with Turkish industrial chemicals, buyers should take several steps to ensure compliance:
- Verify that the chemical products have proper documentation like Safety Data Sheets (SDS) and Certificates of Analysis (CoA).
- Confirm the Turkish supplier’s registration status under national chemical inventories.
- Check whether the chemicals are subject to export restrictions or require special permits.
- Understand the labeling and packaging requirements mandated by Turkish laws, which often include details in Turkish language.
- Be aware of transportation rules for hazardous chemicals, which may involve specific carriers and routes.
- Keep updated on changes in regulations, since Turkey frequently updates its chemical laws to match international standards.
Failing to comply with these laws can lead to severe consequences, including shipment seizures, fines, or legal actions. Therefore, it is highly recommended to work closely with legal experts or consultants who specialize in Turkish export laws.
Turkish Industrial Chemicals: Sourcing Insights
Turkey produces a wide variety of industrial chemicals used in sectors such as textiles, automotive, pharmaceuticals, and construction. Some of the key chemical categories include:
- Solvents (e.g., acetone, ethanol)
- Plasticizers (used in polymer production)
- Agrochemicals (like fertilizers and pesticides)
- Specialty chemicals for coatings and adhesives
- Inorganic chemicals such as sulfuric acid and sodium hydroxide
Due to Turkey’s large manufacturing base and well-developed logistics infrastructure, sourcing chemicals locally can be cost-effective. Many suppliers in industrial zones around Istanbul, Izmir, and Kocaeli offer competitive pricing and meet international quality standards.
However, buyers should carefully evaluate suppliers on factors such as:
- Compliance with Turkish and international chemical regulations
- Product quality certifications (ISO, GMP)
- Reliability of delivery schedules
- Ability to provide technical support and after-sales service
Historical Context of Chemical Regulation in Turkey
Turkey’s chemical regulation system has evolved significantly over the past two decades. Prior to 2000s, chemical exports were loosely regulated, which occasionally resulted in safety incidents and environmental concerns. With the country’s bid to align with EU norms and enhance trade relations, Turkey started implementing stricter chemical control laws.
A major milestone was the introduction of the Turkish Chemicals Regulation in 2017, which brought comprehensive rules on chemical safety and export controls. Since then, Turkey has worked on improving enforcement mechanisms and increasing transparency for international buyers and domestic producers.
This historical shift reflects Turkey’s commitment to sustainable industrial growth and integration into global supply chains.
Comparison: Turkey’s Chemical Laws vs. EU and US Standards
Aspect | Turkey | European Union | United States |
---|---|---|---|
Regulatory Framework | Turkish Chemicals Regulation (aligned with EU REACH) | REACH (Registration, Evaluation, Authorization, and Restriction of Chemicals) | Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) |
Labeling Requirements | Mandatory Turkish language labels; GHS compliant | Mandatory labels in official languages; GHS compliant | OSHA Hazard Communication Standard; English labels mandatory |
Export Restrictions | Some chemicals require export permits; strict controls on hazardous substances | Extensive restrictions and authorizations | EPA controls hazardous chemicals; export controls vary |
Chemical Registration | Registration required for many chemicals | Extensive registration and evaluation | Registration required but less comprehensive than REACH |
Enforcement | Ministry of Trade and Environment; increasing inspections | European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) enforcement | EPA enforcement; state-level variations |
This table shows that Turkey’s chemical export laws closely mirror EU regulations, which benefits buyers familiar with European chemical compliance. Yet, some nuances in Turkish labeling and permit requirements must be carefully considered.
Practical Example: Importing Solvents from Turkey
Imagine a
Where to Find Reliable Turkish Industrial Chemical Suppliers: Insider Tips and Verified Directories
Finding trustworthy Turkish industrial chemical suppliers can be quite a challenge if you don’t know where to start looking. Istanbul, being a major industrial hub, offers many options, but not all suppliers are reliable or compliant with the legal standards. This article aims to provide insider tips and verified directories to help businesses and individuals source Turkish industrial chemicals in a safe, legal, and efficient manner. Alongside, we will explore the legal aspects surrounding the trade of industrial chemicals in Turkey, ensuring you stay on the right side of the law.
Why Turkey is Important for Industrial Chemicals
Turkey has been a significant player in the chemicals market for decades. Located strategically between Europe and Asia, it acts as a bridge for trade routes, offering easy access to multiple markets. Turkish industrial chemicals cover a wide range, including basic chemicals, specialty chemicals, agrochemicals, and petrochemicals. The country has invested heavily in chemical manufacturing infrastructure, with Istanbul being one of the key cities hosting suppliers and manufacturers.
The Turkish chemicals industry grew rapidly since the early 2000s, fueled by industrialization and export demand. According to industry reports, Turkey’s chemical sector contributes more than 5% to its GDP and employs thousands of skilled workers. This growth made the country attractive for foreign investors and importers looking for cost-effective and quality chemical products.
Legal Framework for Turkish Industrial Chemicals
One must understand the legal environment before sourcing industrial chemicals from Turkey. The government regulates chemical production and trade to ensure safety and environmental protection. The main laws include:
- Turkish Chemical Law No. 7201: Governs the production, import, export, and usage of chemicals.
- REACH Regulation Adaptation: Turkey aligns with EU’s REACH (Registration, Evaluation, Authorization, and restriction of Chemicals) standards, especially for chemicals exported to Europe.
- Environmental Protection Legislation: Ensures chemicals do not harm the environment or public health.
All suppliers must be registered with the Ministry of Industry and Technology and comply with safety data sheet (SDS) requirements. Importers should verify that their suppliers provide proper documentation and certifications, such as ISO standards or international quality marks. Failure to comply may result in legal penalties or shipment delays.
How to Identify Reliable Turkish Industrial Chemical Suppliers
Finding a reliable supplier is not just about price but trust and quality. Below are some insider tips that could help you avoid scams or low-quality products:
- Check Company Registration: Always ask for the company’s official registration and tax number. Verify these details through Turkish government portals or chambers of commerce.
- Request Certifications: Reliable suppliers will provide ISO 9001 (quality management) or ISO 14001 (environmental management) certificates.
- Review Safety Data Sheets (SDS): Ensure the chemical information is detailed and matches international standards.
- Ask for Samples: Before placing a large order, ask for samples to test product quality.
- Look for Export Experience: Experienced exporters are more likely to understand customs and legal requirements.
- Use Verified Directories: Don’t rely only on random internet searches. Use well-known directories.
Verified Directories for Turkish Industrial Chemical Suppliers
Below is a list of reliable directories and platforms that can help you find verified suppliers in Istanbul and other parts of Turkey:
Turkish Exporters Assembly (TIM)
- Official platform representing exporters across all sectors.
- Website provides a searchable database of registered chemical exporters.
Istanbul Chamber of Industry (ISO)
- Maintains a member list of industrial chemical manufacturers and suppliers.
- Provides company profiles and contact details.
Turkey Chemicals Marketplaces (Online B2B platforms)
- Examples: Turkishexporter.net, Alibaba Turkey section, and Turkish Manufacturers directories.
- These platforms verify suppliers through documentation but caution is advised to verify independently.
Trade Fairs and Exhibitions
- Events like CHEMISTANBUL and Istanbul Industrial Chemicals Expo showcase multiple verified suppliers.
- Attending these fairs provide direct contact and negotiation opportunities.
Comparison Table: Domestic vs. International Turkish Chemical Suppliers
Aspect | Domestic Turkish Suppliers | International/Export-Oriented Suppliers |
---|---|---|
Certification Availability | Often ISO certified | Usually have additional international certifications |
Price | Generally lower due to less logistics | Slightly higher due to export costs |
Documentation | May vary, sometimes less formal | Usually complete with customs and shipping papers |
Language Barrier | Turkish only in many cases | Often bilingual or multilingual sales teams |
Shipping Speed | Faster for local orders | May take longer due to customs and regulations |
Practical Example: Sourcing Industrial Acetic Acid in Istanbul
If your business requires industrial acetic acid, a commonly used chemical in multiple industries, Istanbul has several suppliers
The Ultimate Checklist for Importing Turkish Industrial Chemicals Safely and Legally
Navigating the world of importing Turkish industrial chemicals can be tricky, especially if you don’t know the right rules or where to source them properly. Turkey has become a major hub for chemicals production, serving industries from textiles to automotive manufacturing. But when you want to bring those chemicals into your country, there are many legal hoops to jump through and safety concerns to address. This article will guide you through the ultimate checklist to import Turkish industrial chemicals safely and legally, reveal a detailed legal and sourcing guide, and help you understand what makes Turkey a key player in this field.
Why Turkish Industrial Chemicals Matter
Turkey’s industrial chemical sector has grown significantly in the last two decades. The country’s strategic location between Europe and Asia makes it a convenient supplier for many international markets. Its chemical industry covers a wide range of products such as solvents, polymers, pigments, and specialty chemicals. Many global companies trust Turkish manufacturers because of their competitive prices and improved quality.
However, importing these chemicals is not as simple as just ordering and shipping. You must be aware of local and international regulations, safety protocols, and the right sourcing strategies to avoid legal trouble or dangerous shipments.
The Ultimate Checklist for Importing Turkish Industrial Chemicals
Before you start importing, consider this checklist to ensure you are covered:
- Verify Supplier Credentials: Check if your Turkish supplier is certified by Turkish Ministry of Industry and Technology or equivalent bodies. Avoid suppliers without proper licenses.
- Understand Chemical Classification: Know the exact classification of the chemicals you want to import (flammable, corrosive, toxic, etc.) as this will affect shipping and handling.
- Check Import Regulations: Confirm your own country’s import laws regarding chemicals, including the need for import permits, restrictions, or bans.
- Safety Data Sheets (SDS): Obtain complete and accurate SDS from your supplier to understand hazards and safety measures.
- Compliance with International Agreements: Ensure compliance with international treaties like the Rotterdam Convention or REACH regulations if your country is part of them.
- Packaging and Labeling Requirements: Turkish chemicals must be packaged according to international safety standards. Confirm that labels are in the required language and contain hazard symbols.
- Arrange Proper Transportation: Use carriers specialized in hazardous goods transport. Confirm they have necessary certifications.
- Insurance Coverage: Get insurance that covers chemical shipments against damage, loss, or accidents during transit.
- Customs Documentation: Prepare all necessary customs documents, including commercial invoices, packing lists, certificates of origin, and import licenses.
- Storage and Handling Preparation: Ensure your facilities are equipped to safely store and handle the chemicals upon arrival.
Key Legal Considerations When Importing Turkish Industrial Chemicals
Importing chemicals is controlled by many laws designed to protect health, environment, and public safety. In Turkey, chemical production and export are regulated by:
- Turkish Chemical Control Regulation: This sets standards for chemical safety, labeling, and transportation.
- REACH-like Turkish Regulations: Turkey has aligned many of its chemical safety laws with European Union’s REACH to facilitate trade.
- Export Licensing Requirements: Some chemicals require export licenses issued by Turkey’s Ministry of Trade.
- International Hazardous Materials Standards: Turkish exporters comply with UN Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods.
On the importing side, your country’s customs and environmental agencies will impose their own rules. For example, many countries require:
- Pre-import notification for hazardous chemicals
- Proof of compliance with international chemical safety laws
- Valid licenses for restricted substances
Where To Source Turkish Industrial Chemicals
Finding the right supplier is critical. Turkey hosts many industrial zones and chemical parks, like:
- Kocaeli Industrial Zone: Known for petrochemical production.
- Mersin Chemical Industry Zone: Specializes in specialty chemicals and solvents.
- Istanbul Chemical Hub: Offers a broad range of industrial chemicals with easy access to ports.
When sourcing, consider these tips:
- Choose suppliers with international quality certifications like ISO 9001.
- Look for companies with export experience and positive trade references.
- Request samples and test reports before committing large orders.
- Use Turkish trade fairs like the Istanbul Chemicals Expo to meet suppliers directly.
- Engage local agents or consultants who understand the Turkish chemical market.
Comparing Turkish Chemicals to Other Major Producers
Turkey competes with other chemical producers like China, India, and Germany. Here’s a quick comparison table:
Aspect | Turkey | China | India | Germany |
---|---|---|---|---|
Price | Competitive, mid-range | Often lowest | Low to mid-range | Higher-end, premium |
Quality | Improving, consistent | Varies widely | Improving | Very high, strict standards |
Export Logistics | Strategic location, good ports | Large volume, complex logistics | Developing infrastructure | Excellent logistics network |
Regulatory Compliance | Aligns with EU standards | Increasing compliance |
Conclusion
In conclusion, navigating the Turkish industrial chemicals market requires a thorough understanding of both the legal framework and effective sourcing strategies. This guide has highlighted the importance of complying with Turkey’s stringent regulations, including REACH-like chemical registration, safety standards, and environmental policies that ensure responsible handling and usage. Additionally, establishing strong relationships with reliable local suppliers and leveraging Turkey’s strategic geographic position can significantly enhance supply chain efficiency and cost-effectiveness. Whether you are a manufacturer, distributor, or importer, staying informed about regulatory updates and market trends is essential to mitigate risks and capitalize on growth opportunities within this dynamic sector. As the demand for industrial chemicals continues to rise, proactive compliance and strategic sourcing will be key to maintaining competitiveness. We encourage businesses to engage with local experts and legal advisors to optimize their operations and fully benefit from Turkey’s expanding industrial chemical landscape.